scipio africanus quotes hannibal

Scipio established his camp close to the city of Naraggara in a generally favourable position, very close to a source of water. Eventually Scipio resumed the advance, but gave orders for the Spaniards in his centre to move slowly, whilst the wings began a complex series of manoeuvres which, as at Baecula, demonstrated the exceptionally high standard of their drill. Much of the population was set free, but 2,000 artisans were declared public slaves and set to produce weapons and equipment for the Roman army, and these men were also given the promise of freedom when victory was achieved. Scipio Africanus died in retirement in 184, still only in his early 50s. Scipio's arch-rival Hannibal also died on the same year in Bithynia where he was in exile. Then the armies would stand and wait, until near the end of the day, first the Carthaginians and then the Romans returned to their respective camps. Behind this attack, the main Roman force was visible as it marched out to deploy, although it is doubtful that at this distance – judging from later events it was probably at least a mile – the Punic general could see m ore than vague masses of men and great clouds of dust. was one of the most exciting and dynamic leaders in history. In the initial chaos following the rout of the Carthaginian sally, the Romans were able to reach the foot of the wall and set up their ladders, but the wall was the highest and strongest part of the city’s defences and a few defenders remained. After a brief resistance, Mago surrendered. The Battle of Zama (202 BCE) was the final engagement of the Second Punic War (218-202 BCE) at which Hannibal Barca of Carthage (l. 247-183 BCE) was defeated by Scipio Africanus of Rome (l. 236-183 BCE) ending the conflict in Rome’s favor. Later, a myth identical to one associated with Alexander the Great even grew up hinting at divine parentage, claiming that his mother had been discovered lying with an enormous snake. STUDY. Match. about me: 235-183 BCE. He went with the soldiers to the edge of the lagoon and encouraged them to step boldly into the ebbing water, but, holding to his resolve to direct the battle and not get directly involved, he did not lead the attack. The attack began at the third hour on the next day. As a leader, and a leader who had promised great rewards to the brave, he acted as a witness to his men’s behaviour. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus learned the art of war in the hardest and bloodiest of all forums—on the battlefield against Hannibal. The result was not what the Romans had anticipated, for at Cannae Hannibal’s outnumbered army surrounded and all but annihilated the massive Roman force. Scipio went with a few reliable soldiers to the quarters – presumably a house in the town – of their leader Quintus Caecilius Metellus, where the deserters were behaving in a typically Roman way and holding a council (consilium) to discuss what to do. Romans hacked at the gate from both sides until it was shattered, whilst more and more men were able to swarm up the ladders and across the wall. Write. The latter had been aedile recently, but it was their continued confidence and sheer force of personality, rather than any great experience, which caused the others to follow their lead. Logged in users can submit quotes. Based on the best and most recent scholarship, One of the most fascinating personalities in the history of the Roman Republic comes vividly to life in this new book by H. H. Scullard, general editor of the Aspects of Greek and Roman Life series. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (236 – 183 BC) was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic. This officer not only plundered the place he was supposed to protect, but managed to turn the tribunes under his command against him, even resorting to having them publicly flogged. His men respected him but did not fear him. This would be remarkably fast, especially for an army with baggage, and it may be that the figure is either wrong or describes only the last phase of the approach from some nearer spot. On such a narrow frontage it was difficult for the Romans to bring their greater numbers into play immediately, and there was certainly no question of the Carthaginians being outflanked. The Roman method differed only in the respect that the troops were formed into three columns, one corresponding to each of the three lines in thetriplex acies. The new Carthaginian invasion was rapidly confronted by superior numbers of well-trained and led Roman troops and utterly defeated at Metaurus in 207. Perhaps even more important than this financial reward was the parade at which those who had distinguished themselves were decorated and publicly lauded by their commander. The situation in the peninsula was bad, the resources likely to be committed there modest. If it was the latter, then it is suggested that Scipio was relying on fortune. A canal connected the two. There was always the slight chance that they would succeed on their own, as the fleet’s attack may actually have done. About 300 hostages from the noble families of Spain also fell into Roman hands. The sudden Roman counter-attack panicked the leading Carthaginian horsemen, some of whom – probably the Numidians who rode bare-backed – were unseated. Cavalry combats were whirling affairs as squadrons charged, pursued, lost their formation and were in turn beaten back and chased themselves. To the noise of the fighting was added the cheering of the defenders on the walls and the unengaged Roman troops as they urged on their sides. The men refused, and it was only after he had spurred his horse forward in a lone charge that they were shamed into following. Virtus meant that any setbacks, however appalling, must be endured and the war continued until ultimate victory was achieved. When the elder Scipio recovered from his wound he went as a proconsul to join his brother Cnaeus in Spain. The Battle of Cannae (/ ˈ k æ n i,-eɪ,-aɪ /) was a key engagement of the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, fought on 2 August 216 BC near the ancient village of Cannae in Apulia, southeast Italy.The Carthaginians and their allies, led by Hannibal, surrounded and practically annihilated a larger Roman and Italian army under the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus … His own army was strong enough to face and defeat any one of these forces so long as he was able to give battle in reasonably favourable circumstances. At this distance Hasdrubal was at last able to see that the legions were not in their usual place in the centre, but were on the wings facing his weaker troops. Once this had been done, it was virtually impossible to alter it in any significant way. Scipio was victorious and Hannibal was defeated, and Rome, in the words of Mommsen, subdued the East “as the tempest overpowers the ship that has no one at the helm.” The end of Hannibal and Scipio came in the same year: 183 BC. Mago and his defenders were elated, feeling that they had beaten off the enemy’s main attack, and could only look on in dismay when, later in the day, the Romans renewed their assault. Encountering a numerically larger and better trained force of Punic cavalry led by Hannibal himself, the Romans were routed. Under normal circumstances he could expect another thirty or so years of active public life, but the world of the early second century BC presented no opportunities to equal, let alone surpass his earlier deeds. Once in Spain, Scipio began to gather more information about the enemy’s strength and dispositions. According to Machiavelli there were however a few He took particular care to praise and honour Lucius Marcius, the equestrian who had risen through sheer force of personality to command the survivors of the Roman armies after the disaster in 211, but had then upset the Senate by styling himself as ‘propraetor’ in his letters to them. Scipio Africanus was a talented Roman general who commanded the army that defeated Hannibal in the final battle of the Second Punic War in 202 B.C. Keep checking Rotten Tomatoes for updates! Scipio Africanus the Elder (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior) lived from 236-184 BCE.The commander during the the Second Punic War.He went down in history as a brilliant commander and defender of Rome against Hannibal. Oct 28, 2015 - Explore Neil Killion's board "Hannibal Barca And Scipio Africanus - Two Mortal Enemies" on Pinterest. With renewed enthusiasm they pressed against the walls. Sensitive, intelligent and charismatic, Scipio had the boundless self-confidence of a patrician who knew from childhood that he was destined to play a prominent role in Rome’s public life. As a 17-year-old, he followed his father, Roman consul Publius Cornelius Scipio, into Northern Italy on Rome’s first engagement against the Carthaginian military genius at the Ticinus River. petra-axolotl 3 May 2013. ...in truth Publius Scipio was one, who was himself enthusiastic, and who inspired enthusiasm. Scipio is the second installment of a trilogy by Ross Leckie.The first Hannibal was an outstanding,and revealing story of a tactition and soldier whose ideas were used by Generals such as George Patton in WW11.Scipio Africanus was the FIRST to see the genius of Hannibal and utilise and manipulate Hannibal's tactics for his own strategy,eventually being the one to finally stop Hannibal… The catalogue of his achievements dwarfed those of any other senator, yet, although he had already held the office in 205, he was still technically too young to be consul. However, a very high proportion of Rome’s aristocracy volunteered for service in this year, joining the great army which was intended to confront and overwhelm the enemy who had humiliated the Republic. It was normal practice for Roman armies to post pickets of formed troops to cover a camp both during and after construction, but in this case Scipio had taken the precaution of stationing his cavalry in the dead ground behind a hill. It may be that the sickness was invented or exaggerated to ensure that Lucius gained full credit for his victory. The deployment was conventional, with the best infantry, Libyan spearmen and perhaps some formations of citizens from the Punic colonies in Spain, placed in the centre. In 210 BC they granted proconsular imperium and command of the war in Spain to the 27-year-old Publius Cornelius Scipio. Er wurde bekannt durch den Sieg über Hannibal in der Schlacht bei Zama, der ihm die Anerkennung als einer der besten Kommandeure in der Militärgeschichte sowie den Beinamen Africanus einbrachte. On one occasion one of the centurions is supposed to have been publicly beaten to maintain the subterfuge. There were also considerable stores of food and military equipment, as well as the factories and skilled labour force to produce more of the latter. It was Scipio that commanded the Romans at the Battle of Zama, in which Hannibal was defeated, resulting in Carthage's capitulation. The sally which had begun so well ended in chaos as a mob of fugitives fled for the sanctuary of the single gate. Citaten van Scipio Africanus. Scipio agreed to talks, so both generals advanced their camps, so that they could be close enough to meet more conveniently. Quicker results came from treachery, but there was no prospect of that. As with Hannibal, details of Scipio … During the night, Hasdrubal’s allies began to desert. Although one of the other tribunes was Fabius Maximus’ son, who would himself be elected to the consulship in 213, command devolved upon the two youngest men, Scipio and Appius Claudius. Hannibal was finally defeated at Zama by Scipio Africanus, a Roman General of equal brilliance. Hannibal quotes. The formal battles of this period rarely occurred without days or weeks of delay once the armies had closed. Scipio’s allied contingents were deliberately held back, but by their very presence pinned the Libyans in place, for they could not go to the aid of their own wings without exposing themselves to attack from the Roman centre. In the end he was forced out of politics into an embittered retirement, dying a disappointed man at a comparatively young age. However bitter the disputes between the Carthaginian generals may have been, they would most certainly not wait passively for Scipio to defeat each of them in turn. The best part of the levy were posted ready to attack from the main gate, whilst the remainder were distributed around the walls and provided with a good supply of missiles to hurl at the enemy. Most of the consul’s army went on to Spain under the command of his older brother Cnaeus (Marcellus’ colleague as consul in 222), but Scipio returned to Italy with his father when the latter discovered that Hannibal was moving to cross the Alps. Yet on their return from this war, scandal was once again to beset Scipio and his brother. The main controversy concerns whether the phenomenon was a daily occurrence or the occasional result of the wind blowing from a certain direction. A commander needed to decide on what his battle order was to be before forming the column up. Nearly all became capable officers, and many proved exceptionally gifted. Panic was almost immediate and the defence collapsed. The garrison commander, another Mago, had 1,000 regular troops, backed by a levy of male townsfolk, some 2,000 of whom were reasonably well equipped and confident. Scipio was married to – or would soon marry, the chronology is uncertain – Paullus’ daughter, Aemilia, so that in one sense this was another instance of the common practice of young aristocrats gaining military experience in an army led by a relative. Massacre was intended to give the defenders no chance to rally and return to the fight. Joining forces with Mago Barca, they together fielded an army of 70,000 infantry (although Livy gives the figure as only 50,000), 4,000–4,500 cavalry, some of them the superb Numidian light horse led by Prince Masinissa, and thirty-two elephants. A striking feature of many ancient sieges was the willingness of the defender to leave the security of his fortifications and fight in the open. Even worse, only around half of the foot were his superbly drilled and confident legions and alae and the remainder the very allies on whom he was resolved never to rely. During a period of negotiations he had attached centurions and other officers disguised as slaves to the following of his embassies. Logged in users can submit quotes. He adopted the name Africanus, as a permanent reminder that he was the man who had ended the war with Carthage. In the meantime, the 500 attacked the defenders of this position from behind. Livy claims that Scipio sent an order to these officers telling them to copy his manoeuvres, but, whilst an instruction or signal to begin these may have been sent, it would seem likely that the officers were already aware of what was expected from them. Scipio’s response reflected the immense self-confidence which had marked his campaigns, but also revealed his modest political skills. By Theodor Mommsen. He was not one of the few who by their energy and iron will constrain the world to adopt and to move in new paths for centuries, or who at any rate grasp the reins of destiny for years till its wheels roll over them. CHAPTER 2 A ROMAN HANNIBAL: SCIPIO AFRICANUS Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (c. 236–184 BC)My mother bore a general (imperator), not a warrior (bellator). Quotations by Scipio Africanus, Roman General, Born 236 BC. Gravity. Carthage and Hannibal surrender. Anton Denikin. It was a pitiful remnant of the 86,000 strong force which had marched out to battle on the morning of 2 August, but it was a beginning.5, In the aftermath of Cannae Scipio had personified the virtus expected of a Roman aristocrat, and especially a member of such a distinguished family, faced with adversity. The historian lived in the household of Africanus’ grandson by adoption, Scipio Aemilianus, and so had access to family traditions and lore. Although he continued to remain active in public life, it was hard to see how his subsequent career could possibly match, let alone surpass, what he had already done. Paullus was killed, as were over eighty senators, including Minucius Rufus, Fabius’ Magister Equitum, and more than half of the military tribunes. Both were prosecuted on charges of misappropriating state funds during the campaign. History of the Hellenistic and Roman World, https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Scipio_Africanus&oldid=2841698, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. All Scipio Africanus Quotes and Sayings - find your favorite inspirational quotes! This seems to have been the first of several skirmishes fought between elements of the two armies in the days before the actual battle. When the Celtiberians proved unreliable and deserted en masse, each of the brothers had been attacked separately and overwhelmed by sheer weight of numbers. The author provides a keen analysis of Scipio's military achievements together with an informed account of his political career. Yet the march probably was rapid by the standards of the day and went smoothly, army and fleet meeting outside the enemy stronghold as planned. 7 out of 8 found this helpful. The panic spread to many of those watching from the top of the wall, and for a while it seemed that the Romans might break into the city, intermingled with the routers. "When Africanus asked who, in Hannibal's opinion, was the greatest general, Hannibal named Alexander, the king of the Macedonians because with a small force he has routed armies innumerable and because he has traversed the most distant regions, even to … He was born Publius Cornelius Scipio in 236 BCE. Die Scipionen waren ein mächtiges Geschlecht im Römischen Reich. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus learned the art of war in the hardest and bloodiest of all forums—on the battlefield against Hannibal. At the beginning of the campaigning season he concentrated his forces near the mouth of the River Ebro. Hannibal replied, ‘Alexander…because with a small force he routed armies of countless numbers, and because he traversed the remotest lands….’ Asked whom he placed second, Hannibal said: ‘Pyrrhus. Probably deliberately, as he hoped to inflict heavy casualties on the boldest of the defenders, Scipio had held his men back close to the camp so that the fighting lines clashed about a quarter of a mile from the city walls. A barrage of missiles greeted the soldiers trying to climb this wall and the men of the fleet attacking from the sea. Most armies sent out cavalry and light troops to cover the main column as it moved into position if there appeared to be any threat of enemy attack. Whilst much of the army dispersed to spread fear and slaughter throughout the city, Scipio kept a body of fresh troops formed up and under his tight personal control. Loretta Lynch. Scipio Africanus the Younger, also called Scipio Aemilianus, Latin Scipio Africanus Minor, in full Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Numantinus), (born 185/184 bc —died 129 bc, Rome), Roman general famed both for his exploits during the Third Punic War (149–146 bc) and for his subjugation of Spain (134–133 bc). Scipio Africanus came from the ancient Roman patrician family of the Cornelii and was the father of Cornelia, the famous mother of the social reforming brothers known as the Gracchi. The British historian B.H. At Syracuse, Marcellus’ men had used a period of negotiation to count the number of courses of stone in one section of the city’s walls. Yet ensuring that it did so would take careful manoeuvring and, most probably, time. For all their initial confidence, neither commander wished to push his men forward and force a battle. The Roman attacks were intended to draw the Carthaginians’ attention away from this vulnerable spot, and therefore needed to be delivered in full force, in spite of the high cost in casualties. No quotes approved yet for Scipione l'africano (Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal). Campaigns in Spain, Sicily and Macedonia prevented more than a trickle of reinforcements and supplies from reaching Hannibal’s army, and so supported the Roman war effort against him. Scipio Africanus, also called Scipio Africanus the Elder, Latin Scipio Africanus Major, in full Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, (born 236 bce —died 183 bce, Liternum, Campania [now Patria, Italy]), Roman general noted for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the great Battle of Zama (202 bce), ending the Second Punic War.For his victory he won the surname Africanus … Drama charting the rise and fall of Hannibal, the Carthage Warrior. He also appears to have feared that an unsuccessful invasion of Africa might cause a revival of the Carthaginian war effort, as it had in 255. Such a view misunderstands the difficulty of capturing a line of fortifications by escalade. Scipio Africanus Roman general. Scipio was certainly an openly pious man, who when he was young developed the habit of going before dawn to sit in solitary silence in the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol.2 Later he would openly claim that his plans were sometimes guided by dreams sent by the gods. At a late hour, which in itself suggested no great enthusiasm for battle, Hasdrubal led his army on to the edge of the plain. Fabius Maximus, nearing the end of his life, opposed the move, in part through jealousy of the popular fame of the maverick commander from Spain. The main force of 25,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry advanced across the river under Scipio’s direct command. Scipio Africanusjones. The first two armies sent against him were destroyed in their camps by a surprise night attack. There are no critic reviews yet for Scipione l'africano (Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal). Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, also known as Scipio the African, Scipio Africanus-Major, Scipio Africanus the Elder, and Scipio the Great, is renowned as one of the greatest generals, not only of ancient Rome, but of all time. When Varro, the consul widely blamed for the disaster at Cannae, returned to Rome, he was formally greeted by the Senate and thanked for ‘not having despaired of the Republic’.6, In 213 Scipio was elected to the post of curule aedile, but little else is known about his career after 216. Spell. In the end the pressure grew too great, and the Punic horsemen fled back to their camp.22. Scipio’s victory may have been marginal, and Hasdrubal was soon to begin his journey to join his brother in Italy, but it may be that the Romans inflicted serious losses upon him and made that expedition much more difficult. Hasdrubal Barca was engaged in the siege of a town of the Carpetani in central Spain, whilst his brother Mago was probably stationed in the extreme south-west of the peninsula, although an apparent contradiction in Polybius’ text makes it a little hard to locate his position precisely.10 Now that the Romans’ capacity for offensive action in Spain appeared virtually destroyed, there was no good reason for the Carthaginians to keep their strength concentrated, greatly increasing the on-going problem of keeping their troops supplied. The Roman and Italian troops then attacked Hasdrubal’s Spanish allies on either wing. Was this review helpful? He fled with the reliable sections of his army, but most of these were captured or killed in the subsequent Roman pursuit. The History Of Rome, Volume 2. Read another story from us: How Scipio Defeated Hannibal And His Elephants and Earned the Name Africanus. There was now little love for Carthage amongst the tribes, but for the moment there remained respect for Punic military might. Scipio’s rivals in the Senate attempted at this point to give his command to another magistrate, but were thwarted by his continued popularity with most Roman citizens. In the first century BC the historian Sallust praised the warlike spirit of past generations, claiming that ‘the greatest competition for glory was between themselves; each man strove to be the first to kill an enemy, to scale an enemy wall, and most of all to be seen performing such a feat.’15 This desire for an audience to watch and praise brave deeds was a survival of the old heroic ethos which would have been familiar to Homer’s warriors. Let us make war, since evidently, you have found peace intolerable. Later, in Africa, he would outwit and outmanoeuvre significantly larger Punic armies, demonstrating the same sort of superiority over them which Hannibal had shown over the Roman commanders who had first faced him in Italy. From Livy, this is Scipio’s plea to the senate: “Italy has suffered long; let her for a while have rest. Scipio’s tactics at Ilipa need to be understood within the context of this system. The Republic, which had been glad enough of his services during the Second Punic War, struggled to find a place for him once it had finished, for its political system was supposed to prevent any one individual from gaining too much power or influence. I am mindful of human weakness, and I reflect upon the might of Fortune and know that everything that we do is exposed to a thousand chances. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (c. 236–184 BC), My mother bore a general (imperator), not a warrior (bellator).1. Before he left Spain, Scipio had to deal with mutiny amongst his own troops and a rebellion by some of his former allies, but he had already turned his attention to the invasion of Africa. As at New Carthage, Scipio had taken great care to gather intelligence about the enemy’s strength and positions before the onslaught. His son remained in Italy, and in 216 was a military tribune in the Second Legion, one of eight such units mustered under the joint command of the year’s consuls, Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Caius Terentius Varro. 43 Copy quote. During the lull Scipio had prepared a fresh unit of 500 picked men to ford across and assault the wall from a new direction. Missiles from the Roman light infantry and cavalry drove off the elephants, some of whom stampeded through the Punic troops to their rear, spreading confusion. 183 BCE) Person His family was of Etruscan descent and of the Patrician upper class.. His father, also Publius Cornelius Scipio, was a Roman … In any event, let's hope Vin's portrayal of Hannibal is at least as good as this one. All of this required a good deal of supervision by senior officers to ensure that everyone ended up in the right place. His father and uncle had recruited 20,000 Celtiberian allies for their final campaign. The effort involved in deploying armies of this size into battle order should not be underestimated, for it was a process which must have taken hours. The movements of the left wing were a mirror image of these manoeuvres. Außerdem gehörten sie zum römischen Ur-Adel, den gentes maiores. Meeting of Hannibal and Scipio From this place he sent to the Carthaginian general, informing him that he was ready to meet him, and discuss matters with him. Later he was probably at Trebia, possibly at Trasimene, and certainly at Cannae. Today scholars celebrate the importance of Hannibal, even though Scipio defeated the legendary general in the Second Punic War and was the central military figure of his time. After some time, Scipio judged that his men were too weary to continue and called off the attacks, withdrawing the soldiers to their camp where they rested and reformed. Such support gave cavalry formations the stability which they inherently lacked. As a general he paid attention to the large and small details of the battle, intervening even in minor tactical decisions when necessary, but always maintaining a sense of the wider battle. Numquam se minus otiosum esse, quam cum otiosus; nec minus solum, quam cum solus esset, Epitaph ordered by Scipio to be placed upon his tomb in Campania, as reported in. Scipio had decided to launch an offensive, and one of the Punic field armies offered an obvious target for this. He was best known for defeating Hannibal of Carthage, a feat that earned him the agnomen Africanus, the nickname the Roman Hannibal and recognition as one of the finest commanders in military history. At first no candidates came forward, until suddenly Scipio announced his desire to stand and was elected unanimously. Scipio took this as the compliment it was intended to be and they parted ways as friends. Scipio used Hannibal's tactics to defeat him at Zama and was then bestowed the title Scipio Africanus. Once his troops had formed, he advanced more boldly than in the preceding days and did not halt until he was midway across the open plain. Exciting and dynamic leaders in history 500 picked men to ford across and assault the wall from new. The sally which had marked his campaigns, but that did not fear him being... Fear him supervision by senior officers to ensure that everyone ended up the. 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